See OSI and ISO. Upper Layers Layers 7 through 4 are geared more to the application than the lower layers, which are designed to move packets from one place to another no matter what they contain.

CSOI represents a forward-thinking shift in network security architecture. By introducing an identity-aware layer into the OSI model, it lets organizations, especially those reliant on legacy systems, ...

For more details about each layer, see OSI model. TCP/IP Protocol Stack Example The sending application hands data to the transport layer, which breaks it up into the packets required by the network.